研究結果の解釈にChatGPTが使えるのか試してみました。
メタボローム分析といったオミクス解析を行う理由の一つに、分子メカニズムの解明があります。例えば低温ストレス条件下の出芽酵母のメタボローム分析を行い、タウリンという代謝物が増加することを発見したとします（フィクションです）。次に知りたくなるのは、出芽酵母においてタウリンと低温ストレスには、どのような関連があると知られているのか？です。たいていの場合、ここからの文献検索がめんどくさく、仮説生成に行き詰まっていました。そこになんでも質問に答えてくれるChatGPTが登場しました。救世主となるのか試してみました。
質問
What is a possible relationship between taurine and cold temperature stress in yeast
ChatGPT
There is limited research on the relationship between taurine and cold temperature stress specifically in yeast. However, some studies have investigated the potential role of taurine in protecting yeast cells from various stressors, including cold temperature stress.
One study published in the journal Applied and Environmental Microbiology investigated the effects of taurine on the growth and viability of yeast cells exposed to low temperatures. The researchers found that taurine supplementation improved the survival of yeast cells under cold stress conditions. They suggested that taurine may help protect yeast cells from damage caused by oxidative stress and other harmful effects of cold temperature stress.
Another study published in the journal Food Science and Biotechnology also showed that taurine supplementation could enhance the viability and stress resistance of yeast cells at low temperatures. The authors suggested that taurine may be a potential ingredient in the development of functional foods that can enhance the cold tolerance of yeast cells.
While these studies provide some evidence of a potential relationship between taurine and cold temperature stress in yeast, further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms involved and to determine the optimal conditions for taurine supplementation in yeast cells exposed to low temperatures.
これを見ると、おおっと思ってしまいますね。一般論を挙げ、その根拠となるジャーナル記事を2つ紹介しておいて、最後にはより詳細な研究が必要。という、完璧なお返事に見えます。
そこで根拠になったジャーナル記事を確かめてウラを取ろうとしました。
質問
Please tell me the URL of the Applied and Environmental Microbiology study
ChatGPT
Here is the URL for the Applied and Environmental Microbiology study:
https://aem.asm.org/content/77/4/1292
Please note that some journals may require a subscription to access the full text of articles. If you do not have access to the full article, you may be able to read the abstract or summary of the study.
と自信たっぷりにＵＲＬを教えてくれました。このリンクは実際に機能しましたが、リンク先の記事は
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Vol. 77, No. 4
Identification of Candidate Carrier Proteins for Surface Display on Lactococcus lactis by Theoretical and Experimental Analyses of the Surface Proteome
というもので全く無関係です。あれれと思って、２つめについても同じ質問をしてみました。
質問
Please tell me the URL of the Food Science and Biotechnology study
ChatGPTのお返事
Here is the URL for the Food Science and Biotechnology study:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10068-016-0081-7
Please note that some journals may require a subscription to access the full text of articles. If you do not have access to the full article, you may be able to read the abstract or summary of the study.
上記のリンクは機能しませんでした。そこで、タイトルと筆者を聞く作戦に変更
質問
Please tell me the title and authors of the Food Science and Biotechnology study
ChatGPTのお返事
The title of the study published in Food Science and Biotechnology is "Enhancement of stress tolerance and survival of brewer's yeast during storage at low temperature by taurine." The authors of the study are Sun-Mi Lee, Seung-Cheol Lee, and Jin-Hwan Park.
ですが、Food Science and BiotechnologyのHPで検索しても、そういうタイトルの論文記事は存在しません。次にページ番号を聞いてみました。
質問
Please tell me the volume and page numbers of the Food Science and Biotechnology study
ChatGPTのお返事
The Food Science and Biotechnology study on the enhancement of stress tolerance and survival of brewer's yeast during storage at low temperature by taurine was published in Volume 25, Issue 3 of the journal. The article can be found on pages 837-843.
やはり該当する記事は存在せず、架空の記事のようです。このようなタイトルを持つ記事はGoogle検索でも存在せず、タウリンと低温ストレスとの関連を酵母で調べた記事も見当たりませんでした。
最初の質問に対する答えはを検証してみると
There is limited research on the relationship between taurine and cold temperature stress specifically in yeast.
＝＞限られているのは正しい
However, some studies have investigated the potential role of taurine in protecting yeast cells from various stressors, including cold temperature stress.
＝＞various stressorsは正しいが、cold temperature stress.は根拠なし
One study published in the journal Applied and Environmental Microbiology investigated the effects of taurine on the growth and viability of yeast cells exposed to low temperatures. The researchers found that taurine supplementation improved the survival of yeast cells under cold stress conditions. They suggested that taurine may help protect yeast cells from damage caused by oxidative stress and other harmful effects of cold temperature stress.
＝＞存在しない記事を要約している。要約内容は、部分的な知識のつぎはぎとなっている。たとえは、タウリンの添加が他のストレスに効くという論文はある。タウリンが動物で酸化ストレスに効くという論文はいっぱいある。これらの知見をつないで言語モデルがでっち上げた文章であると思われる。
Another study published in the journal Food Science and Biotechnology also showed that taurine supplementation could enhance the viability and stress resistance of yeast cells at low temperatures. The authors suggested that taurine may be a potential ingredient in the development of functional foods that can enhance the cold tolerance of yeast cells.
＝＞存在しない記事を要約している。
While these studies provide some evidence of a potential relationship between taurine and cold temperature stress in yeast, further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms involved and to determine the optimal conditions for taurine supplementation in yeast cells exposed to low temperatures.
＝＞一般論としては誤りではない。
といえます。タウリン、酵母、低温ストレス、でそれっぽく作った根拠レスの３題話と言えましょう。
次にポジコンとして前立腺がんのバイオマーカーとして有名なサルコシンと前立腺がんの関係を聞いてみました。
質問
What is the relationship between sarcosine and prostate cancer?
ChatGPTのお返事
Sarcosine has been implicated in prostate cancer because it is known to be involved in various cellular processes that are relevant to cancer development and progression. Sarcosine is an amino acid derivative that has been identified as a potential biomarker for prostate cancer. It has been found to be present at higher levels in prostate cancer cells compared to normal prostate cells.
Studies have suggested that sarcosine may be involved in promoting the aggressive behavior of prostate cancer cells, including their ability to invade surrounding tissue and metastasize to other parts of the body. For example, a study published in the journal Cancer Research found that high levels of sarcosine were associated with a higher risk of prostate cancer progression and metastasis.
However, the exact mechanisms through which sarcosine promotes prostate cancer progression are not yet fully understood. Some researchers have suggested that sarcosine may play a role in regulating the expression of genes that are involved in cancer cell growth and metastasis. Others have suggested that sarcosine may influence the activity of enzymes that are involved in cancer cell metabolism.
While more research is needed to fully understand the relationship between sarcosine and prostate cancer, some studies suggest that sarcosine may be a promising target for the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for this disease.
質問
Please tell me the title, author, volume, page number and URL of the Cancer Research study
ChatGPTのお返事
The title of the Cancer Research study is "Sarcosine Promotes Prostate Cancer Cell Proliferation and Migration by Up-regulating Steroid Receptor Coactivator-1 Expression" and the authors are Kuei-Pin Chung, Yi-Ju Lee, Hsiao-Ling Cheng, Yu-Chi Tsai, Hsiang-Ying Lee, Yi-Ping Huang, and Chih-Hsin Tang. The study was published in Volume 69, Issue 19 of Cancer Research, and can be found on pages 7644-7652.
Here is the URL for the study: https://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/69/19/7644
と自信満々ですが、やはりリンク先にはそんな記事は存在せず、そういうタイトルの論文も存在しません。でたらめです。が、最初の質問へのお返事が間違っているかというと
Sarcosine has been implicated in prostate cancer because it is known to be involved in various cellular processes that are relevant to cancer development and progression.
＝＞一般論としては正しい
Sarcosine is an amino acid derivative that has been identified as a potential biomarker for prostate cancer.
＝＞正しい
It has been found to be present at higher levels in prostate cancer cells compared to normal prostate cells.
＝＞正しい
Studies have suggested that sarcosine may be involved in promoting the aggressive behavior of prostate cancer cells, including their ability to invade surrounding tissue and metastasize to other parts of the body.
＝＞一般論として正しいが根拠がないので採用できない
For example, a study published in the journal Cancer Research found that high levels of sarcosine were associated with a higher risk of prostate cancer progression and metastasis.
＝＞これは全部嘘
However, the exact mechanisms through which sarcosine promotes prostate cancer progression are not yet fully understood.
＝＞一般論として常に正しい
Some researchers have suggested that sarcosine may play a role in regulating the expression of genes that are involved in cancer cell growth and metastasis. Others have suggested that sarcosine may influence the activity of enzymes that are involved in cancer cell metabolism.
＝＞一般論として正しいが根拠となる文献がわからないので、採用できない。
While more research is needed to fully understand the relationship between sarcosine and prostate cancer, some studies suggest that sarcosine may be a promising target for the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for this disease.
＝＞一般論として常に正しい
です。一般論として間違っているとは言えないものの、根拠をただしく示すことができていない。というのが現状だと思われます。
ChatGPTの言語モデルは、ある単語に近接して出現する別の単語を学習しており、生成過程では、与えられた２－３単語に関連する単語を使ってそれらしいお話を作っているため、今回の結果はきちんと動いているようにも思います。ただ、"Some researchers have suggested that "のよに、伝聞として内容を記述しているのに、その情報元、根拠をただしく示すことができていない。ようです。さらに、まずいことに、存在しない論文を根拠だと答えてしまっています。
ただ、この説明を妄想＝根拠レスなそれっぽい説明＝仮説ととらえると面白いかもしれません。たとえば最初の例だと、低温ストレスでタウリンが増える。なぜ？から、低温ストレス＝＞酸化ストレス＝＞タウリンという新たな仮説がしめされた。と考えるのはありだと思いました。
さらに番外編として、自己言及的な質問をしてみました。これはレイモンド・スマリヤンの「決定不能の論理パズル」に出てくる命題で
あなたはこの文章が正しいと知ることはないでしょう。
というものです。これを聞いたひとは
正しいとおもう＝＞知ることはないといっているのに、知ってしまったから文章は誤り
誤っていると思う＝＞正しいと知ることはない、ことが起きたので文章はただしい
と、この論理式の解釈を常に間違う（＝照明、決定できない）ことになります。
いわゆるゲーデルの完全性定理（公理系には証明できない命題が必ず存在する）のもっともシンプルな例なんですが、これをChatGPTに聞いてみました。
質問
You will never know this sentence is the truth.
お返事
As an AI language model, I don't have the ability to know whether a statement is true or not, as I don't have access to external sources of information beyond what is provided to me. However, I can analyze the syntax and structure of the sentence you've presented to me and understand its grammatical meaning.
The sentence "You will never know this sentence is the truth" is a statement that suggests that there is doubt about the truth of the sentence. It could be interpreted as a self-referential statement that questions the ability to discern truth from falsehood. However, without further context or information, it is impossible to determine the veracity of the statement.
うまくかわしてきますね。
